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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-shortlog(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git shortlog</em> [&lt;options&gt;] [&lt;revision-range&gt;] [[--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]
git log --pretty=short | <em>git shortlog</em> [&lt;options&gt;]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Summarizes <em>git log</em> output in a format suitable for inclusion
in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and title.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If no revisions are passed on the command line and either standard input
is not a terminal or there is no current branch, <em>git shortlog</em> will
output a summary of the log read from standard input, without
reference to the current repository.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--numbered</dt>
<dd>
<p>Sort output according to the number of commits per author instead
of author alphabetic order.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--summary</dt>
<dd>
<p>Suppress commit description and provide a commit count summary only.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--email</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the email address of each author.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--format[=&lt;format&gt;]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of the commit subject, use some other information to
describe each commit.  <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be any string accepted
by the <code>--format</code> option of <em>git log</em>, such as <em>* [%h] %s</em>.
(See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.)</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>Each pretty-printed commit will be rewrapped before it is shown.</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--date=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show dates formatted according to the given date string. (See
the <code>--date</code> option in the "Commit Formatting" section of
<a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>). Useful with <code>--group=format:</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--group=&lt;type&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Group commits based on <em>&lt;type&gt;</em>. If no <code>--group</code> option is
specified, the default is <code>author</code>. <em>&lt;type&gt;</em> is one of:</p>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>author</code>, commits are grouped by author</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>committer</code>, commits are grouped by committer (the same as <code>-c</code>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>trailer:</code><em>&lt;field&gt;</em>, the <em>&lt;field&gt;</em> is interpreted as a case-insensitive
commit message trailer (see <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>). For
example, if your project uses <code>Reviewed-by</code> trailers, you might want
to see who has been reviewing with
<code>git</code> <code>shortlog</code> <code>-ns</code> <code>--group=trailer:reviewed-by</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>format:</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em>, any string accepted by the <code>--format</code> option of
<em>git log</em>. (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of
<a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.)</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that commits that do not include the trailer will not be counted.
Likewise, commits with multiple trailers (e.g., multiple signoffs) may
be counted more than once (but only once per unique trailer value in
that commit).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Shortlog will attempt to parse each trailer value as a <code>name</code> <em>&lt;email&gt;</em>
identity. If successful, the mailmap is applied and the email is omitted
unless the <code>--email</code> option is specified. If the value cannot be parsed
as an identity, it will be taken literally and completely.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <code>--group</code> is specified multiple times, commits are counted under each
value (but again, only once per unique value in that commit). For
example, <code>git</code> <code>shortlog</code> <code>--group=author</code> <code>--group=trailer:co-authored-by</code>
counts both authors and co-authors.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-c</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--committer</dt>
<dd>
<p>This is an alias for <code>--group=committer</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-w[&lt;width&gt;[,&lt;indent1&gt;[,&lt;indent2&gt;]]]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Linewrap the output by wrapping each line at <code>width</code>.  The first
line of each entry is indented by <code>indent1</code> spaces, and the second
and subsequent lines are indented by <code>indent2</code> spaces. <code>width</code>,
<code>indent1</code>, and <code>indent2</code> default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If width is <code>0</code> (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping
them.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;revision-range&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show only commits in the specified revision range.  When no
&lt;revision-range&gt; is specified, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code> (i.e. the
whole history leading to the current commit).  <code>origin</code><code>..</code><code>HEAD</code>
specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit
(i.e. <code>HEAD</code>), but not from <code>origin</code>. For a complete list of
ways to spell &lt;revision-range&gt;, see the "Specifying Ranges"
section of <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">[--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider only commits that are enough to explain how the files
that match the specified paths came to be.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Paths may need to be prefixed with <code>--</code> to separate them from
options or the revision range, when confusion arises.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
<code>--since=</code><em>&lt;date1&gt;</em> limits to commits newer than <em>&lt;date1&gt;</em>, and using it
with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> further limits to commits whose log message
has a line that matches <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>), unless otherwise noted.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that these are applied before commit
ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-</code><em>&lt;number&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-n</code> <em>&lt;number&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--max-count=</code><em>&lt;number&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the output to <em>&lt;number&gt;</em> commits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--skip=</code><em>&lt;number&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Skip <em>&lt;number&gt;</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--since=</code><em>&lt;date&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--after=</code><em>&lt;date&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commits more recent than <em>&lt;date&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--since-as-filter=</code><em>&lt;date&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show all commits more recent than <em>&lt;date&gt;</em>. This visits
all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
is older than <em>&lt;date&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--until=</code><em>&lt;date&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--before=</code><em>&lt;date&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commits older than <em>&lt;date&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--author=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--committer=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
header lines that match the <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> regular
expression.  With more than one <code>--author=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>,
commits whose author matches any of the <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> are
chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--grep-reflog=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
match the <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> regular expression. With
more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
matches any of the given patterns are chosen.  It is an
error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
matches the <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> regular expression.  With
more than one <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>, commits whose message
matches any of the <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> are chosen (but see
<code>--all-match</code>).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When <code>--notes</code> is in effect, the message from the notes is
matched as if it were part of the log message.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--all-match</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
instead of ones that match at least one.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--invert-grep</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
match the <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> specified with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-i</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--regexp-ignore-case</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
case.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--basic-regexp</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
this is the default.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-E</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--extended-regexp</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-F</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--fixed-strings</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don&#8217;t interpret
pattern as a regular expression).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-P</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--perl-regexp</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
expressions.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
compile-time dependency. If Git wasn&#8217;t compiled with support for them
providing this option will cause it to die.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--remove-empty</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--merges</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-merges</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--min-parents=</code><em>&lt;number&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--max-parents=</code><em>&lt;number&gt;</em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-min-parents</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-max-parents</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
<code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>.  <code>--max-parents=0</code>
gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
again.  Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--first-parent</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first
parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.  This option
can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
the individual commits brought in to your history by such
a merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--exclude-first-parent-only</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only
the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--not</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
not be affected by it.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--all</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--branches</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
branches to ones matching given shell glob. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> lacks <em>?</em>,
<em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--tags</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--remotes</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--glob=</code><em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em>
are listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--exclude=</code><em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
<code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
<code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
accumulated patterns).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
<code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given
explicitly.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--exclude-hidden=</code>(<code>fetch</code>|<code>receive</code>|<code>uploadpack</code>)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
<code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
<code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
<code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--reflog</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--alternate-refs</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>.  The set of included objects may
be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--single-worktree</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>By default, all working trees will be examined by the
following options when there are more than one (see
<a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
<code>--indexed-objects</code>.
This option forces them to examine the current working tree
only.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-missing</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
the bad input was not given.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--bisect</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if the bad bisection ref <code>refs/bisect/bad</code>
was listed and as if it was followed by <code>--not</code> and the good
bisection refs <code>refs/bisect/good-*</code> on the command
line.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--stdin</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
influence any subsequent command line arguments.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--cherry-mark</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--cherry-pick</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
another commit on the &#8220;other side&#8221; when the set of
commits are limited with symmetric difference.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
<code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, &#8220;3rd on b&#8221; may be
cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--left-only</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--right-only</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
i.e. only those which would be marked &lt; resp. &gt; by
<code>--left-right</code>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>A</code><code>...</code><code>B</code> omits those
commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
<code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code>.
More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>--no-merges</code> gives the exact
list.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--cherry</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>A synonym for <code>--right-only</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> <code>--no-merges</code>; useful to
limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry</code> <code>upstream</code><code>...</code><code>mybranch</code>, similar to
<code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>upstream</code> <code>mybranch</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-g</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--walk-reflogs</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
exclude (that is, <code>^</code><em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>, <em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>,
and <em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em><code>...</code><em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em> notations cannot be used).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog.  The reflog designator in the output may be shown
as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>} (where <em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
reflog) or as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em>} (with the <em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em> for that entry),
depending on a few rules:</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>}, show the index
format.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@</code>{now}, show the
timestamp format.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Otherwise, show the index format.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--merge</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD</code><code>...</code><em>&lt;other&gt;</em>,
where <em>&lt;other&gt;</em> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
<code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--boundary</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
commits modifying a particular &lt;path&gt;. But there are two parts of
<em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;paths&gt;</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Commits modifying the given &lt;paths&gt; are selected.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--simplify-by-decoration</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Default</code> <code>mode</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
with the same content)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--show-pulls</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--full-history</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--dense</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
meaningful history.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--sparse</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>All commits in the simplified history are shown.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--simplify-merges</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Additional option to <code>--full-history</code> to remove some needless
merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
commits contributing to this merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ancestry-path</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>When given a range of commits to display (e.g. <em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>
or <em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em> <code>^</code><em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em>), and a commit <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> in that range,
only display commits in that range
that are ancestors of <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>, descendants of <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>, or
<em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> itself.  If no commit is specified, use <em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em> (the
excluded part of the range) as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.  Can be passed multiple
times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the <em>&lt;paths&gt;</em>.  We shall call commits
that modify <code>foo</code> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
filtered for <code>foo</code>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
that you are filtering for a file <code>foo</code> in this commit graph:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
         /     /   /   /   /   /
        I     B   C   D   E   Y
         \   /   /   /   /   /
          `-------------'   X</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
each merge.  The commits are:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>I</code> is the initial commit, in which <code>foo</code> exists with contents
<code>asdf</code>, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents <code>quux</code>. Initial
commits are compared to an empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In <code>A</code>, <code>foo</code> contains just <code>foo</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>.  Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
hence TREESAME to all parents.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to <code>foobar</code>,
so it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to <code>baz</code>. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
<code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to <code>foobarbaz</code>; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to <code>xyzzy</code>, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
strings to <code>quux</code> <code>xyzzy</code>. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
<code>Q</code> is TREESAME to <code>P</code>, but not to <code>Y</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
commits based on whether <code>--full-history</code> and/or parent rewriting
(via <code>--parents</code> or <code>--children</code>) are used. The following settings
are available.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
<dd>
<p>Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
(though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).  If the
commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
parents.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This results in:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---N---O
         /     /   /
        I---------D</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
available, removed <code>B</code> from consideration entirely.  <code>C</code> was
considered via <code>N</code>, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
parent lines.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--full-history</code> without parent rewriting</dt>
<dd>
<p>This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
the example, we get</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>        I  A  B  N  D  O  P  Q</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  <code>E</code>,
<code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
do not appear.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
them disconnected.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting</dt>
<dd>
<p>Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
(though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
themselves.  This results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
         /     /   /   /   /
        I     B   /   D   /
         \   /   /   /   /
          `-------------'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above.  Note that <code>E</code>
was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>.  The same happened for <code>C</code> and
<code>N</code>, and <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Q</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--dense</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
to any parent.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--sparse</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>All commits that are walked are included.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
sides of the merge are never walked.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--simplify-merges</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>First, build a history graph in the same way that
<code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting does (see above).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C</code>' in the final
history according to the following rules:</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Set <code>C</code>' to <code>C</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C</code>' with its simplification <code>P</code>'.  In
the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If after this parent rewriting, <code>C</code>' is a root or merge commit (has
zero or &gt;1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
<code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting.  The example turns into:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M---N---O
         /     /       /
        I     B       D
         \   /       /
          `---------'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>N</code>'s parent list had <code>I</code> removed, because it is an ancestor of the
other parent <code>M</code>.  Still, <code>N</code> remained because it is !TREESAME.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>P</code>'s parent list similarly had <code>I</code> removed.  <code>P</code> was then
removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
was a TREESAME root. <code>Q</code> was then removed completely, because it had one
parent and is TREESAME.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There is another simplification mode available:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ancestry-path</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
<em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>, or which are a descendant of <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>, or are <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>
itself.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>            D---E-------F
           /     \       \
          B---C---G---H---I---J
         /                     \
        A-------K---------------L--M</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
but excludes the ones that are ancestors of <code>D</code>. This is useful to see
what happened to the history leading to <code>M</code> since <code>D</code>, in the sense
that "what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>". The result in this
example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
of course).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
bug introduced by <code>D</code> and need fixing, however, we might want to view
only the subset of <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> that are actually descendants of <code>D</code>, i.e.
excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
option does. Applied to the <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> range, it results in:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>                E-------F
                 \       \
                  G---H---I---J
                               \
                                L--M</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
means the same thing when applied to the <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> range but is just more
explicit.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
<code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> which contain that topic in their ancestry path.  So, using
<code>--ancestry-path=H</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> for example would result in:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>                E
                 \
              C---G---H---I---J
                               \
                                L--M</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> would result in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>                K---------------L--M</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
create a new example history.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file&#8217;s
simplified history. Let&#8217;s demonstrate a new example and show how options
such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
         /     / \  \  \/   /   /
        I     B   \  R-'`-Z'   /
         \   /     \/         /
          \ /      /\        /
           `---X--'  `---Y--'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
<code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit <code>R</code>, however, was
created by ignoring the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>M</code> and taking only
the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
<code>M</code>. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create <code>N</code> is to take the
contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
The merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are TREESAME to their first parents, but
not to their second parents, <code>Z</code> and <code>Y</code> respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
graph is:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>        I---X</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M--------N---O---P
         /     / \  \  \/   /   /
        I     B   \  R-'`--'   /
         \   /     \/         /
          \ /      /\        /
           `---X--'  `------'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
not actually contribute a change to <code>file.txt</code>. They only merged a topic
that was based on an older version of <code>file.txt</code>. This is a common
issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
unrelated merges appear in the <code>--full-history</code> results.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
of <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit <code>N</code>, resulting
in a history view as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M--.
         /     /    \
        I     B      R
         \   /      /
          \ /      /
           `---X--'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
<code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
not-so-carefully-resolved merge <code>R</code>. This is usually enough information
to determine why the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> "disappeared" from history in
the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
<code>--simplify-merges</code> option requires walking the entire commit history
before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
use for very large repositories.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
a change into an important branch. The problematic merge <code>R</code> above is
not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
commit message.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--show-pulls</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
is TREESAME to a later parent.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
<code>--show-pulls</code> on this example (and no other options) the resulting
graph is:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>        I---X---R---N</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
the commits <code>X</code> and <code>R</code> into the base branch, respectively. These
merges are the reason the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> do not appear in the
default history.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
graph includes all of the necessary information:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>          .-A---M--.   N
         /     /    \ /
        I     B      R
         \   /      /
          \ /      /
           `---X--'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
was simplified away. However, <code>N</code> still appears in the history as an
important commit because it "pulled" the change <code>R</code> into the main
branch.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
that are not referenced by tags.  Commits are marked as !TREESAME
(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
contents of the paths given on the command line.  All other
commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_mapping_authors">MAPPING AUTHORS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See <a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that if <code>git</code> <code>shortlog</code> is run outside of a repository (to process
log contents on standard input), it will look for a .<code>mailmap</code> file in
the current directory.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
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